Two Introductions to Cybernetics
Knowledge graph · Formal / computational
Formal / computational

Digital computer

A programmable, universal machine — the hardware realisation of an automaton — that becomes a model of intelligence once a program is supplied.


In John F. Young, Cybernetics (1969)
Ch. 12 · Visual Pattern Recognition

Young meets the computer mainly through the industry's wish that machines could read printed characters, and is wary of exaggerated claims for such devices.

In F. H. George, Cybernetics (1971)
Ch. 6 · Digital Computers and Cybernetics

George calls the computer a universal model “not complete until the program has been fed into it,” and introduces heuristic programming as what lets it imitate non-algorithmic human faculties.


Builds on

Turing machineInformation theory

Leads to

Game-playing / heuristicsArtificial intelligenceManagement cyberneticsEducational cybernetics

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